Author Topic: Flat seat adjustment  (Read 24313 times)

0 Members and 2 Guests are viewing this topic.

Offline AnnRowley

  • Global Moderator
  • Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 2685
  • Gender: Female
Flat seat adjustment
« on: March 17, 2007, 05:01:14 AM »
This is a problem that many of us have because of our basic anatomy, or because it just happens to many of us as we age.
There are many solutions to the problem - this is the one which works for me.
It is based on a Burda WOF article published some years ago.

You will need to refer to the photos that I took while doing this alteration. You may prefer to download them to your hard drive so that you can refer to them more easily. 
You can see the photos here.
                                                     __________________________________________________________________________

1. Choose the pattern size by your hip measurement and make any further adjustments now. (I adjust the crotch length and sometimes the waist at this stage) Don't alter the back dart.
Draw in the seam lines if they're not already marked.

2. Check whether the grain line is drawn exactly down the center of the pattern piece.
Fold the pattern in half lengthwise, parallel to the grain line so that the inside leg and side seam lines are on top of each other at about  knee level. Draw a new grain line along this crease if necessary.

3. Draw three guide lines on the pattern.
    a) A horizontal line at crotch level at right angles to the grain line.
    b) A vertical line through the dart to the horizontal line or if there is no dart, from a point midway between the side and CB seams.
    c) A diagonal line from the CB seam to the intersection of the grain line and the horizontal line.
Reinforce the lower ends of lines b) and c) with tape.

4. Cut the pattern apart along the horizontal line a).
Cut the other lines down to but not through the lower edge.

5. At the diagonal cut c) overlap the top edge over the lower one by about 5/8" (1.5cm) at the seam line tapering to nothing at the bottom, and stick it down,
At the vertical cut b) overlap about 1/4" (0.5cm) at the top seam line again tapering to nothing.

6. Stick the upper pattern over the lower one matching exactly the side and CB seam lines.

7. Even out the crotch curve and side seam.
Re draw the legs of the dart from the top to where the seam lines now meet.
Extend the grain line of the lower piece to the top edge - the original grain line on the upper piece no longer applies.
[ If your pattern had no dart then add the 1/4" you have removed from the top edge to the side seam, tapering to nothing about 4" down]

8. This adjustment removes the equivalent of a fish eye dart from below the buttocks, shortens and narrows the dart and straightens the centre back seam, so reducing the shaping there.

It is likely that you will have to fine tune the side seams when fitting.
The suggested size of the diagonal overlap may be adjusted but even so you're unlikely to get a totally flat smooth seat. Do remember that you need to bend, stretch and most importantly, sit down!  Don't be tempted to over fit.
                                                                 __________________________________________________________

I'd welcome feed back on this. Let me know if you have any problems with the instructions. Does this method work for you?  Or anything else........

ETA new link to Flickr photos - which now have the instructions in the comment section of each photo.

« Last Edit: August 04, 2007, 11:11:10 AM by AnnRowley »

Offline Martha

  • Member
  • Posts: 219
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #1 on: March 17, 2007, 07:21:53 AM »
Ann - thanks so much for these detailed instructions!  I think what I've been doing has been accomplishing the same results, but I use a method I adapted from Nancy Ziemann's "Fitting Finesse" and my own tweaking.

I start with a size to fit my upper thigh, not my hip - this puts me into one size smaller, and I use Burda patterns only for pants.

I then take out 3/4" on the shorten/lengthen line at the hip level, front and back - all the way across the horizontal line.

I slide the back crotch to make it 3/4" lower; and slide the front crotch to make it 1/4" lower - this way I reduce the back inseam by 1/2" as well.

I slide the side seam to make it 3/4" higher, or in the alternative, I am adding this amount to the entire side length.

I like this method, because I can trace off the pattern in one go.

Martha

Offline kayyy

  • Member
  • Posts: 109
    • The Sewing Lawyer
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #2 on: March 17, 2007, 07:34:36 AM »
This adjustment removes the equivalent of a fish eye dart from below the buttocks, shortens and narrows the dart and straightens the centre back seam, so reducing the shaping there.

And you can SEE the fisheye shape so perfectly!  What a great tutorial.  Your pictures are worthy of a glossy illustrated sewing manual and the text is clear, clear, clear.  Thank you for this, I am going to try it to see how it compares to the somewhat less elegant methods I have been using to get at the same problem.

Offline Liana

  • Administrator
  • Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 4962
  • Lincoln, Nebraska
    • Sew Intriguing
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #3 on: March 17, 2007, 08:23:38 AM »
I am thrilled with this wonderful tutorial!  Thank you, thank you, thank you!!  :)  I know I need to do this, and I'm just about to start on some pants, and this will be what I do to my pattern first.  Thank you again for all your hard work putting this together, taking the photos, etc.  You've just made me (and I suspect a lot of others) very happy. 8)

Offline Elona

  • Member
  • Posts: 1482
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #4 on: March 17, 2007, 09:26:50 AM »
Wonderful photos, Ann.  These are so much clearer than the little drawings of the process offered in a Burda WOF some years ago.

Offline peter

  • Member
  • Posts: 499
  • Gender: Male
  • SoCal, USA
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #5 on: March 17, 2007, 11:36:23 AM »
Ann,

What clear instructions.  If only all pattern instructions were done so succinctly.  If ALL instructions for everything were so clear.  This is something I need to try for my fitting issues.  Many many thanks for your time and efforts.
Peter

Offline Lorna Newman

  • Member
  • Posts: 130
  • Gender: Female
    • Newman's Needle
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #6 on: March 17, 2007, 01:02:39 PM »
I think that this might be a neat way to combine a couple of alterations I make to my pants ... I am going to have to try this out myself.  Thanks, ann for sharing this!

Offline TDW

  • Member
  • Posts: 85
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #7 on: March 17, 2007, 02:02:40 PM »
Oh, Ann!  Do you by any chance Teach in England?  If so, I'll  be there in a heartbeat! :notworthy: :notworthy: :notworthy: :notworthy:

I've tried to get a class with Lady Caroline Wrey for draperies, but she says she no longer teaches.   :lost:

Sandra

Offline AnnRowley

  • Global Moderator
  • Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 2685
  • Gender: Female
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #8 on: March 19, 2007, 03:44:29 AM »
I'm pleased that you think this will be useful - it changed the way I thought about making pants that fit.

Martha, there are many different ways of solving this problem - I seem to have tried most of them! 
The method I've detailed is the one that works for me; your way works for you - great!

Sandra, no, I'm afraid I no longer teach either, sorry.

Offline J Culshaw

  • Julie Culshaw
  • Member
  • Posts: 800
  • Gender: Female
    • The Beauty of a Stitch
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #9 on: March 19, 2007, 04:55:36 AM »
Thanks Ann, I am going to give this a try.  Usually I slash the pattern from waist to hem and overlap it 1/2", then have to add back at the hips and waist at the side seam so that they will fit.     
But this method will eliminate having to do that.  It sounds good to me. 
Do you remember which Burda you found it in?  since my Burda collection goes back about 12 years,  I might just have that issue.   Thanks again, Julie

Offline Martha

  • Member
  • Posts: 219
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #10 on: March 19, 2007, 12:22:26 PM »
Ann - I'm going to give your method a try on my next pant project - in the long run, I think it seems like a more direct approach at correcting the problem.

Will let you know how I make out! 

Offline J Culshaw

  • Julie Culshaw
  • Member
  • Posts: 800
  • Gender: Female
    • The Beauty of a Stitch
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #11 on: March 19, 2007, 05:43:03 PM »
A question here, Ann,  this method will reduce the back crotch length.   Since lots of us with flat seats also have a lower crotch curve back there,    won't this make a "wedgie" in the back?    essentially, you have lost 1" of length in the back.   Where do you get this back?  Julie

Offline susan w

  • Member
  • Posts: 207
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #12 on: March 20, 2007, 06:50:40 AM »
Ann, once again I want to thank you for the wonderful instructions.  I really appreciate all you do for us.  These instructions and photos are so beautifully clear, concise and well presented.  Thank you for taking the time to help so many of us.

Susan

Offline AnnRowley

  • Global Moderator
  • Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 2685
  • Gender: Female
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #13 on: March 20, 2007, 11:56:46 AM »
A question here, Ann,  this method will reduce the back crotch length.   Since lots of us with flat seats also have a lower crotch curve back there,    won't this make a "wedgie" in the back?    essentially, you have lost 1" of length in the back.   Where do you get this back?  Julie


Firstly please - what's a "wedgie"? My British English can't translate this. ;D

The back crotch length is reduced by the amount of the diagonal overlap - my suggestion being 1.5cm (5/8"). Because there is less, er... flesh for the fabric to travel over a reduction here is usually necessary. You could add it back at the waist line if you wanted.

This is not the solution to this problem for every body, it's the one that works for me. You may find a better one for your particular body.

Looking forward to adding to my vocabulary...

Offline J Culshaw

  • Julie Culshaw
  • Member
  • Posts: 800
  • Gender: Female
    • The Beauty of a Stitch
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #14 on: March 20, 2007, 01:32:37 PM »
Sorry, Ann, a "wedgie" is a colloquial term for when your pants are too tight in the rear and actually the fabric gets wedged between your buttocks.     I think the kids came out with this term and it certainly describes it very graphically.   
Louise Cutting advises pulling the tape measure and giving yourself a "wedgie' when measuring for her One Seam Pants because she wants absolutely no ease in that measurement and most people hold the tape slack.   

For me, although I have a flat seat,  I also have to scoop out the curve on the back crotch because my curve is lower than the pattern.  This makes the back crotch length longer as well.   So overlapping the back crotch will make my problem worse I think.   

I have had success in the past with Pati Palmer's vertical fold, then adding Sandra Betzina's advice to fold out 1/2" horizontally in the back thigh.   Then you pull the back seam as you sew it to the front.  This has the effect of holding the fabric there under tension which can also help the problem of baggy fabric in the back thigh.    Julie

QueenBee

  • Guest
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #15 on: March 20, 2007, 02:20:23 PM »
Ann, thank you for sharing and the wonderful, clear photos. I admit I was a bit confused reading, but I spent the weekend in a sewing workshop and my mind is still over filled with new information.

So, Ann & everyone, a question. I have had that flat seat all my life- it was refered to as "(family name) Satchel A** Syndrome". Cute, huh? With age, etc. it is more pronounced, especially as I've gained weight and have a round belly and high hip fluff. The fluff is from side to about 2 1/2 inches each side of spine- it's a back, side shelf, not a full shelf. The combination makes most pants look like clown pants, and major adjustments on regular darted pants at the waist, both front & back.

I've had the best results of late with Louise Cutting's One Seam Pant, with just a little shifting of full ness to where it balances on my body, but the flat tush remained. Do you think I can adapt this for an elastic waist pant?  Would I just pretend where the dart would be and slash/overlap in that general area?

I'm trying to come up with some clothes where I don't look like a dork.

Thanks again for the tutorial.

Rene Marie

Offline Martha

  • Member
  • Posts: 219
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #16 on: March 20, 2007, 03:23:24 PM »
One-seam pants are a Godsend for pant fitting issues - the absence of that side seam hides a multitude of sins.

You can make a one-seam pant out of lots of pants patterns.  In the Armstrong patternmaking book, check out the sweat pants pattern.  Just line up the hip line and the grain lines.  I've done this on several regular patterns with great success.

Offline AnnRowley

  • Global Moderator
  • Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 2685
  • Gender: Female
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #17 on: March 21, 2007, 03:31:42 AM »
Many thanks for the translation!  I now understand perfectly. ;D

So... ignore my suggestion for adding back length at the waist when using this method. I have to say here that I am no expert on flat pattern adjustments - for anything - but I had been asked several times to explain how I solved this problem.

This "wedgie" has only happened once for me and I solved the problem by scooping out the lower crotch area, both front and back.  I lowered the crotch seam about 1/4" at the inseam, gradually tapering back to the original. My solution:  yours may be different.  And which ever method works best for you is the best.

Rene Marie, I'm not quite sure how you could apply this method to one-seams as it relies on the position of the side seam when you cut the pattern apart. I suspect you'd need to create a side seam to do it, which really defeats the purpose of one-seams.
I'm afraid I can't help here - I hate elastic waists - but there is probably another method you could use........Anyone have ideas?

And thank you again for the positive comments.

Offline trilby

  • Member
  • Posts: 26
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #18 on: March 22, 2007, 05:16:04 AM »
I am trying to envision this in reverse, as I have the opposite problem, along with a swayback!
« Last Edit: March 22, 2007, 06:22:18 AM by trilby »

QueenBee

  • Guest
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #19 on: March 23, 2007, 11:33:56 AM »
In reading an old magazine a friend brought me for something else, I just saw an entirely different method for use on pull on pants. It doesn't involve the side seam, so after I test it on my One Seams, I'll post to let you all know if it did the trick.

Also, Louise Cutting said to e-mail her a pic of my back side, so she has it in my context, and she will advise.

If I ever do darted pants again, I'm using Ann's trick!


Rene Marie  :sunny:


Offline AnnRowley

  • Global Moderator
  • Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 2685
  • Gender: Female
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #20 on: March 23, 2007, 12:00:10 PM »
I am trying to envision this in reverse, as I have the opposite problem, along with a swayback!

A sort of FBA for the seat?... :rotfl:

In reading an old magazine a friend brought me for something else, I just saw an entirely different method for use on pull on pants. It doesn't involve the side seam, so after I test it on my One Seams, I'll post to let you all know if it did the trick.

Also, Louise Cutting said to e-mail her a pic of my back side, so she has it in my context, and she will advise.

If I ever do darted pants again, I'm using Ann's trick!


Rene Marie  :sunny:



Please post the details of this if it works for you - I know that I, and others, will be interested.

Offline Marty

  • New (or Just Quiet) Member :)
  • Posts: 6
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #21 on: July 19, 2007, 11:09:04 AM »
I just sent you a reply on the flat seat adjustment and forgot to sign it. Sorry  I must be getting old and forgetful.

Marty

Offline Robin

  • Member
  • Posts: 3170
  • Gender: Female
    • a little sewing
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #22 on: August 04, 2007, 09:22:47 AM »
Ann, would you mind re-posting the link to the new location of your photos?
I can follow along until I get to the diagonal line (3c) and then I get confused.
I know it will be more clear when I see pictures.

Thanks so much!

Offline AnnRowley

  • Global Moderator
  • Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 2685
  • Gender: Female
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #23 on: August 04, 2007, 11:06:37 AM »
Robin,

I'm afraid that I'd totally forgotten that my old links won't work now that all my photos have been transferred to Flickr - my apologies!

You will now find it all here -  Flat seat adjustment

I've put all the instructions in the comment section of each photo which may make it easier to follow.
Remember that you can click the  "all sizes" button above the photo to get more detail, although you lose the comments.

Have fun!

Offline Robin

  • Member
  • Posts: 3170
  • Gender: Female
    • a little sewing
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #24 on: August 05, 2007, 07:19:47 PM »
Thank you! 

Offline woggy

  • Member
  • Posts: 18
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #25 on: September 03, 2007, 06:22:07 AM »
Hello Ann,

Last night I decided to try your alteration.  I used a basic McCall's pattern with a gathered waist.  I have probably made over 50 pant muslins in the past year.  Tried many different alterations with pants that have a fly front, darts front and back.  None worked but gained insight with each pair.  So last night I decided to try just a gathered waist with a hem circumference of 16 inches.

I was having great difficulty with the right back side due to it being flatter than the left side. Plus I have a tilted forward pelvis, slight scoliosis on the left side and broad hips with a pot belly.  The lowest portion of my fanny is one inch below the center of my body.  In most of the pants I made, the left back side would look okay but the right side had folds right under the fanny pointing to the inseam.  I tried shortening the inseam, narrowing the inseam, altering for a high hip on the left side, altering for knock knees, etc. the list is endless.

I made your alteration and for the first time the right side looked the best ever (still need some tweaking) but then the left side had the fold under the crotch.  This has convinced me that I need to make two different backsides but now I am stuck as to how to how to do this.  My guess is that this new problem has to do with how the center back seam plus hook area changed.  I am thinking that I need to do a knock knee alteration on the left side (split the pattern one inch below the crotch line and spread) due to the "uptake" that flat fanny alteration caused at the bottom of the fanny area.

Any suggestions would be appreciated.  And thanks so much for your directions on this alteration, they were so easy to follow and understand.

Woggy

Offline AnnRowley

  • Global Moderator
  • Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 2685
  • Gender: Female
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #26 on: September 03, 2007, 10:54:34 AM »
Woggy,

I'm pleased that the flat seat adjustment helped, but.... I'm not going to be any help with the rest of your problems I'm afraid.   Flat pattern alterations are not my thing at all - now if I could just get my hands on you...   ;D

My background means that I've never really had to alter patterns - except for myself; any fitting problems I've always dealt with on the figure.

I'm hoping that somewhere out there there is someone with more expertise than I have who can help you. Please.....

Offline stashpanache

  • Member
  • Posts: 2282
  • Gender: Female
    • Stash's Sewing Blog
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #27 on: May 01, 2008, 11:39:34 AM »
Ann,

I Googled flat seat adjustment and it sent me to Liana's blog and a link to your SG tutorial.   ;D  You and Liana are famous!!  hehehehe

Years ago I used to take a little wedge out of the crotch line and straighten up grain etc.  If there is no dart in the pant, would the adjustment be the same per your instructions?  My 40 year old daughter inherited my flat seat and I just finished a pair of pants for her that are baggy there.  I have not sewn for her since she was about 14 so did not realize it was that bad.  I have saved your adjustment tutorial and pics.

Thanks, Ann

Stash
"All things are literally better, lovelier, and more beloved for the imperfections that reflect the human effort that went into their making."  John Ruskin 

"Do all you can with what you have, in the time you have, in the place you are"  Nikosi Johnson

http://sewstashwazzup.blogspot.com/

Offline AnnRowley

  • Global Moderator
  • Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 2685
  • Gender: Female
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #28 on: May 02, 2008, 03:27:36 AM »
Stash, OK, that's my 15 minutes of fame. ;D

To answer your question - first, it's quite unusual not to have a back dart but it's not an issue.
Refer to photo 3 and when drawing the guideline b) just draw it midway between the side and CB seam lines.
Go on to follow the instructions and as  final alteration add back to the side seam the amount you removed when overlapping line b at the waist - about 1/2".

Edited to add - you add this extra amount to the back only, tapering down to the crotch line. You'll probably need to fine tune the fit of this seam anyway...

Hope this is clear - ask again if it's not...
« Last Edit: May 02, 2008, 04:09:50 AM by AnnRowley »

Offline stashpanache

  • Member
  • Posts: 2282
  • Gender: Female
    • Stash's Sewing Blog
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #29 on: May 02, 2008, 09:48:37 AM »
Thank you, Ann!

These pants have an elastic waist.  I will adapt your instructions per your suggestion?  I do wish I could remember exactly how I used to do it 40 years ago.   ;D  Of course, back then, I wouldn't have been caught dead wearing elastic waist pants.  These pants are scrub pants for my daughter.  I would really like to adjust a pattern well to fit her as they go together pretty fast and I could expand her work wardrobe in no time.

Stash
"All things are literally better, lovelier, and more beloved for the imperfections that reflect the human effort that went into their making."  John Ruskin 

"Do all you can with what you have, in the time you have, in the place you are"  Nikosi Johnson

http://sewstashwazzup.blogspot.com/

Offline ejvc

  • Plan-bot on the loose
  • Member
  • Posts: 4244
  • Me about age 2
    • The Fabulous Dr E's Fabulous Blog
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #30 on: August 25, 2008, 12:46:17 AM »
Hi Ann,

Thanks for this tutorial.  I can see already that doing it in reverse - what I call the BBA (Big Booty Adjustment) will be great.  One of the things your adjustment does is make the back crotch seam into more of a right angle with a more vertical CB seam, while I've noticed on pants that fit me the CB seam is very angled.  I will take some photos to illustrate what I mean.  In the meantime this is a very clear tutorial and I'm certain it will be of use to others in its original form!

I also wanted to link from here to another trouser adjustment by Els over at Sewing Divas - the full front thigh adjustment, which is useful if your thighs are developed through exercise or (ahem) just larger than average - it helps the side seam not pull towards the front. Here it is: http://thesewingdivas.wordpress.com/2008/07/29/pants-pattern-alteration/

Elizabeth

« Last Edit: August 25, 2008, 12:49:38 AM by ejvc »

Offline AnnRowley

  • Global Moderator
  • Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 2685
  • Gender: Female
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #31 on: August 25, 2008, 02:19:53 AM »
Elizabeth,

Yes - you can do this in reverse for a BBA.  ;D

If you spread at the crotch line - line C in my drawing - you will automatically increase the slope of the CB seam.  The slope of the seam acts as a dart, directing the fullness to where it's needed; so for a flat seat the slope (from the vertical) is reduced, for a full seat it's increased.

After you've done the alteration lay the back pattern over the front, matching knee and waist marks.  The side seams won't match...
For a flat seat you probably need to reduce the back to match the front.
For a full seat you'll probably need to add to the front to match the back. 
Or you can split the difference.
You'll need to fine tune this when fitting so that the side seam hangs vertically.

And thanks for the link to the thigh adjustment.

Offline ejvc

  • Plan-bot on the loose
  • Member
  • Posts: 4244
  • Me about age 2
    • The Fabulous Dr E's Fabulous Blog
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #32 on: August 25, 2008, 03:26:53 AM »
Thanks Ann, that's very helpful!

With the BBA, do you think it would be helpful to pick trousers based on my waist/high hip size (which is about a 38/40), and then do the adjustment?  Currently I pick based on big booty size, 44/46, and then scale down the waist extensively -- for example on the Marlene trousers I've traced a size 40 on top and gone out to a 44 at the hip.  With the flat seat adjustment, it seems like you pick by waist size and then reduce the trousers, rather than picking by hip size and increasing the waist.  Or am I misunderstanding?

Maybe I could answer my own question by doing two versions, but who wants to do that? :-)

Elizabeth


Offline AnnRowley

  • Global Moderator
  • Member
  • *****
  • Posts: 2685
  • Gender: Female
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #33 on: August 26, 2008, 02:55:28 AM »
I've never done this - BBA - nor seen it done, but you should certainly be starting with a size that corresponds to your smaller (waist) measurement.

This adjustment - like an FBA - alters not only the size but the shape of the pattern. This is important; simply adding, or subtracting from the side seams doesn't have the same effect.

Dart size, grain and overall shape are altered so, as far as you're concerned, I'd work with a size 40.

If you look at picture 4 of the flat seat instructions you'll see that I've - quite accidentally - almost done this adjustment for you, spreading both the dart and CB seam. This should give you a good indication of how to set about it.

Offline ejvc

  • Plan-bot on the loose
  • Member
  • Posts: 4244
  • Me about age 2
    • The Fabulous Dr E's Fabulous Blog
Re: Flat seat adjustment
« Reply #34 on: August 28, 2008, 12:49:15 AM »
Hi, I tried the BBA adjustment last night, and ran out of tape right in the middle of slashing and spreading.   :faintthud: In addition to changing the angle of the back crotch seam, it adds height to to the piece and width across the waist, which I'm going to remove from somewhere.  Probably a combination of side seam and dart.

We shall see.  No pictures because of the terrible state of the pattern tissue at this stage.

 

Gorgeous Fabrics Sure Fit Designs
Your Button Shop